• Residents no longer work in coordination with the senior surgeons — and some have turned to "shadow learning" to gain the skills they need. 
• This is the practice of focusing on robotic surgery in school at the expense of general medicine, using YouTube videos, or learning through unsupervised struggle. 
• Opportunities to handle the consoles or machines is then given to shadow learners who seem to have greater skill.
• But those taking the formal route are then unable to get the practice they need to do robotic surgery.
• Robots and AI are transforming work — and we need to find better ways to train the future workforce.

A shift in surgery

Shadow learning

The working world